M.Sc. BOTANY

Programme Specific Outcomes (PSOs)

1. Graduates will demonstrate advanced understanding and proficiency in specialized areas of botanical sciences, such as plant taxonomy, plant physiology, plant pathology and microbiology, plant genetics, or plant ecology.

2. Graduates will possess the ability to design and conduct independent research projects in botany, including formulating research questions, designing experiments, collecting and analyzing data, and drawing scientifically valid conclusions.

3. Graduates will be able to interpret and analyze complex botanical data using statistical and computational methods, and effectively communicate their findings through written reports and oral presentations.

4. Graduates will have acquired proficiency in a wide range of laboratory techniques and methodologies commonly used in botanical research, including microscopy, molecular biology techniques, tissue culture, chromatography, and spectroscopy.

5. Graduates will demonstrate competence in fieldwork methodologies, plant specimen collection, preservation, and identification, and possess taxonomic expertise in the classification and identification of plant species.

6. Graduates will develop strong analytical and critical thinking skills, enabling them to identify and address complex botanical problems, evaluate scientific literature, and propose innovative solutions to real-world challenges in plant sciences.

 
BOT1016: Diversity I (Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes)
Course outcomes:
1. Recognize specialization in fungi, their mutualistic relationships, decomposition processes, and economic importance.
2. Categorize diverse groups of algae, understanding their morphology, reproduction and ecological roles.
3. Explain the characteristics of fungi, bacteria, and viruses, and comprehend their varying modes of reproduction and recent trends in classification.
4. Analyze the lichen's structure, function, and reproduction, recognizing their role as ecological indicators.
5. Evaluate the evolution and diversity of bryophytes, their role as a pollution indicator and in monitoring the environment

BOT1026: Diversity II (Pteridophytes, Gymnosperm and Angiosperm)
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze evolutionary trends in vascular cryptogams, including heterospory and seed habit development, telome concept implications, and morphological diversity, emphasizing the significance of soral structures in fern evolution.
2. Critically evaluate the importance of fossilization processes and techniques in understanding plant evolution, comparing various fossil groups like Psilophytales, Zosterophyllales, and Sphenophyllales to discern their relevance to evolutionary trends and plant diversification.
3. Assess the phylogenetic relationships and adaptations of gymnosperms, including major taxa like Ginkgoales, Coniferales, Taxales, and Gnetales, through comparative analysis of their characteristics, affinities, and evolutionary relationships, considering adaptations to diverse ecological niches.
4. Critically examine the evolution of plant taxonomy and nomenclature systems, analyzing historical backgrounds, principles of the International Code of Nomenclature (ICN), and the role of botanical gardens and herbaria in documenting plant diversity.
5. Synthesize phylogenetic relationships and morphological adaptations in angiosperms, analyzing major orders like Magnoliales, Ranunculales, and Poales, and interpreting the significance of floral adaptations for diversification and ecological interactions.

BOT1036: Ecology, Environment and Resource Management
Course outcomes:
1. Critically analyze ecological principles and dynamics, incorporating factors affecting habitats and niches, resource partitioning, character displacement, community structure, population dynamics, and succession mechanisms.
2. Critically assess biodiversity conservation strategies, considering the significance of conservation, principles of in-situ and ex-situ approaches, and the impact of environmental factors on preservation.
3. Evaluate the impact of environmental pollution and climate change by assessing various sources and types of pollutants, analyzing effects on soil components due to pesticides, and examining consequences such as greenhouse effects, ozone layer depletion, and acid rain.
4. Examine botanical diversity and plant resource utilization, analyzing the origin, evolution, cultivation, and various uses of plants while evaluating the impacts of initiatives such as the Green Revolution and innovations like GMOs, INM, and IPM on global food demands.
5. Analyze phytogeographic patterns and endemism, focusing on principles, theories, and hypotheses of dynamic phytogeography, including the center of origin of cultivated plants, plant migration theories, and concepts such as endemism and megacenters of endemism, with particular attention to the characteristic flora of North-East India and global phytogeographic regions.

BOT1044: Practical: Algae, Fungi, Bryophytes and Pteridophytes
Course outcomes:
1. Classify and compare algal thallus organization and reproductive structures, integrating practical observation with taxonomic knowledge.
2. Proficiently perform microbiological staining techniques including Gram, flagella, capsule, and acid-fast staining of bacteria, utilizing critical thinking to interpret staining results for bacterial identification.
3. Identify and document symptoms of virus-infected plants, applying diagnostic skills to classify viral diseases based on observed symptoms.
4. Analyze fungal morphology, anatomy, and reproduction, lichen morphology and anatomy, and important Bryophyte genera in North-East India, employing comparative analysis and observational skills to understand regional biodiversity and ecological adaptations.
5. Compare significant fossil and extant Pteridophytes, utilizing comparative analysis to grasp evolutionary trends, adaptations, and ecological significance within the group.

BOT1054: Practical: Gymnosperm, Angiosperm, Ecology
Course outcomes:
1. Calculate the minimum size and number of quadrates needed for studying herbaceous communities, demonstrating proficiency in quantitative ecological research design through analysis.
2. Quantify plant community characteristics using the quadrat method and apply statistical analysis to interpret ecological data, demonstrating analytical skills in ecological research through application.
3. Through practical exercises, students will estimate above and below-ground biomass from a unit area, employing measurement techniques and mathematical calculations to ecological assessments.
4. Analyze the impact of biotic disturbances on botanical composition, applying ecological principles to assess temporal changes in plant communities, demonstrating practical understanding of ecological dynamics through application.
5. Assess plant community similarity using quantitative methods, employing indices of similarity and dissimilarity to compare ecological data, demonstrating proficiency in quantitative ecological analysis through utilization.

BOT2016: Cytogenetics, Plant Breeding & Evolution
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehend the structural and functional aspects of cellular organelles and chromosomes as well as cell cycle regulation.
2. Illustrate the mechanisms behind DNA damage, repair, inborn errors of metabolism and inherited diseases.
3. Analyze the complexities of genome organization, crossing over and inheritance mechanisms.
4. Apply knowledge of transcriptional regulation in prokaryotes and molecular basis of mutation.
5. Design and implement breeding strategies, assess the impact of environment on traits, and understand principles of evolution.

BOT2026: Microbiology and Plant Pathology
Course outcomes:
1. Interrelate species-strain distinctions, ICTV categorization, microbial ecological relevance, and microbiome ideas to understand microbial diversity.
2. Mastering microbiological techniques of sterilisation, population estimation, pure culture, and culture preservation and maintenance.
3. Examine microbial genetics and physiology through comparisons of reproductive modes, evaluation of genetic recombination's evolutionary importance, analysis of nutritional needs and growth conditions, and critique of genetic-physiological interactions in various environments.
4. Evaluate immune diseases' pathophysiology, analyze serological reactions and diagnostic methods, and synthesize microbial applications across sectors to demonstrate practicality.
5. Justify plant pathology principles through critical analysis of disease mechanisms and host- pathogen interaction, emphasizing their agricultural impact and plant-microbe dynamics in Northeast India.

 
BOT2036: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehend the structure and functions of bio-molecules and model membrane emphasizing on active and passive transport, intracellular transport, and electrical properties of membranes. 
2. Describe the aspects of enzyme catalysis including kinetics and regulation, while understanding nitrogen assimilation, amino acid biosynthesis, protein synthesis and post- translational modification. 
3. Explain the aspects of photosynthesis and respiration emphasizing on light and dark reactions, photorespiration, TCA cycle, electron transport chain and cyanide resistant pathway.
4. Illustrate the biosynthesis, mechanism of action and physiological effects of different plant hormones and photoreceptors and explore the mechanisms of stomatal movement.
5. Analyse critically the translocation of water, ions, photo-assimilates and macromolecules from soil, across membranes, through cells, and vascular elements.

BOT2044: Practical Paper: Microbiology, Plant pathology and Cytogenetics
Course outcomes:
1. Demonstrate understanding of chromosome behavior and anomalies in plant cells during mitosis and meiosis.
2. Attain proficiency in isolating and cultivating microbes from environmental samples.
3. Master identification and characterization techniques of isolated pure microbial cultures and understand, evaluate and assess quality of different water sources.
4. Identify study and characterize pathogenic fungi affecting plants and comprehend their lifecycles.
5. Demonstrate understanding of chromosome behavior and anomalies in plant cells during mitosis and meiosis.

BOT2054: Practical: Plant Physiology Biochemistry
Course outcomes:
1. Estimate proteins by extracting from plant materials using Lowry’s method while understanding the preparation of normal, molar, molal and ppm solutions. 
2. Extract and determine reducing and non reducing sugars as well as oil/fat from plant materials. 
3. Evaluate total phenols by extracting plant phenols. 
4. Determine cholorophyll a/b ratio and total chlorophyll in C3, C4 and CAM plants. 
5. Separate amino acids from mixture by thin layer, or paper chromatography.

 
BOT3016: Reproductive and Developmental Botany, Biostatistics
Course outcomes:
1. Define and outline the factors associated with the plant development
2. Explain the regulatory mechanisms of potent cell or stem cell differentiations due to cytoplasmic determinants, morphogens, genome imprinting etc. leading to the development of various plant parts such as leaf, stem, flower, axis, endosperm and other specialized cell/tissue development.
3. Critically assess embryogenesis, endosperms, polyembryony, seed development, Seed dispersal along with apomixis, apospory.
4. Analyse the process of Sporogenesis and Gametogenesis in plants, pollination, fertilization.
5. Justify the importance of mutants and transgenics in the analysis of plant developments

BOT3026: Molecular Biology, Plant Biotechnology & Bioinformatics
Course outcomes:
1. Appraise with physical properties of DNA, understand and demonstrate DNA replication, RNA synthesis and processing.
2. Differentiate cell signaling receptors and signal transduction pathways, understand concept of bacterial chemotaxis and quorum sensing.
3. Demonstrate proficiency in genetic engineering and molecular marker techniques, Awareness of IPR, biosafety issues related to GMO. 
4. Describe, compare and select appropriate tissue culture techniques for various applications.
5. Demonstrate molecular basis of plant growth and development and analyze DNA and Protein sequences.

BOT3036: Research Methodology and Bioinstrumentation
Course outcomes:
1. Demonstrate proficiency in applying ethical principles to research practices, ensuring credibility and reliability while addressing plagiarism concerns in scholarly work.
2. Develop proficiency in selecting sampling techniques, applying safety protocols, and evaluating experimental designs for reliability in scientific investigations, ensuring precision and adherence to safety standards for valid findings.
3. Demonstrate mastery in chemical preparation and standardization techniques, ensuring accuracy and reliability in laboratory experiments, while understanding the importance of buffer solutions for maintaining experimental integrity, thereby enhancing experimental outcomes.
4. Apply advanced staining and imaging techniques proficiently, assess microscopy principles for research purposes, and critically analyze plant specimen characteristics.
5. Apply spectroscopic and chromatographic techniques for analysis, assess method suitability, and optimize experimental parameters.

BOT3044: Practical - Anatomy, Reproductive and Developmental Botany, Biostatistics
Course outcomes:
1. Recalling information related to plant anatomy and morphology, as well as techniques for slide preparation and statistical methods.
2. Grasping the developmental stages of leaf, stem, and root structures, as well as the processes of microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, embryosacs, and endosperms.
3. Applying principles of comparative anatomy to analyze anomalous secondary growth patterns, as well as applying advanced microscopy techniques for detailed examination of permanent slides.
4. Analyzing and comparing anomalous secondary growth patterns, microsporogenesis, megasporogenesis, embryosacs, and endosperms, as well as analyzing experimental data using statistical methods.
5. Evaluating the accuracy and precision of pollen grain slide preparation, as well as evaluating the consistency and precision of microtome sectioning and staining. Synthesizing knowledge acquired through field studies and visits to enhance understanding of plant diversity and research methodologies.

BOT3054: Practical- Molecular Biology, Plant Biotechnology & Bioinformatics
Course outcomes:
1. Recalling protein isolation techniques, DNA isolation methods, restriction digestion outcomes, PCR reactions, tissue culture techniques, mushroom culture methods, and bioinformatic tools.
2. Understanding gel electrophoresis results, DNA quantification, restriction fragment patterns, PCR reactions, mushroom growth parameters, synthetic seed viability, sequence alignments, sequence BLAST searches, and protein modeling techniques.
3. Applying protein isolation techniques, DNA isolation methods, restriction digestion outcomes, PCR reactions, tissue culture techniques, mushroom culture methods, synthetic seed development, and bioinformatic tools to various contexts.
4. Analyzing gel electrophoresis results, electrophoresis data, restriction fragment patterns, PCR reactions, tissue culture success rates, mushroom growth parameters, synthetic seed viability, sequence alignments, sequence searches, and protein modeling outcomes.
5. Evaluating protein and DNA samples based on gel electrophoresis results, DNA quality and quantity, restriction digestion outcomes, PCR efficiency, tissue culture success rates, mushroom growth parameters, synthetic seed viability, and bioinformatic predictions. Developing genetic maps, synthesizing seeds, predicting gene functions, and generating protein tertiary structures using predictive algorithms and bioinformatic tools.

BOT4015: Angiosperm Taxonomy Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze the underlying principles of taxonomy and differentiate between various classificatory systems, including pre- and post-Darwinian classifications, and the recent development of the APG System in Angiosperms. 
2. Apply taxometric methods to categorize plants, character coding, and measuring resemblances, culminating in the application of cluster analysis for phylogenetic inference.
3. Evaluate taxonomic structures by identifying the hierarchical concept of taxa and interpreting the material basis of taxonomy through character correlation, character weighing along with knowledge of variations, isolation, and speciation.
4. Critically assess botanical nomenclature its historical development, major rules, typification, effective and valid publication, authors’ citation, principles of priority.
5. Synthesize knowledge of cladistic taxonomy, character analysis, and cladogram construction and analysis to interpret evolutionary relationships among organisms, integrating principles from phenetic and phylogenetic approaches.

BOT4025: Angiosperm Taxonomy Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Evaluate various sources of taxonomic characters, including morphology, anatomy, palynology, embryology, cytology, phytochemistry, and serology, to categorize organisms effectively.
2. Apply modern approaches to taxonomy, particularly the molecular approach, including diagnostic tools and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis, and explore the applications of molecular markers in plant taxonomy.
3. Analyze the significance of biosystematics and role of computers and commonly available software in taxonomic studies.
4. Assess taxonomic literature, classical and recent, focusing on world and Indian flora, taxonomic journals, icons, checklists, and illustrations, to comprehend the diversity of plant species.
5. Implement techniques for the process of identification, including herbarium techniques such as collection, identification, and documentation, and recognize the roles and importance of herbaria, botanical gardens, and museums in taxonomic studies, emphasizing major institutions in the world and India.

BOT4035: Angiosperm Taxonomy Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Recall the concept of phytogeography, major theories in phytogeography and identifying botanical provinces of India, enlisting the IUCN categories and describe the significance of hotspots, emphasizing India's status as a megadiversity country.
2. Interpret the characteristics of the flora of Northeast India, distinguishing between endemic, exotic, and Rare, Endangered, and Threatened (RET) plants, and discuss their multiplication and conservation.
3. Apply knowledge of the origin and evolution of angiosperms to identify characteristic features of early angiosperms and distinguish between primitive and advanced angiosperms.
4. Analyze the phylogeny and evolution of various angiospermic taxa, including Magnoliales, Ranunculales, Euphorbiales, Scrophulariales, Lamiales, Asterales, Alismatales, Orchidales, Poales, and Zingiberales, identifying key characteristics and relationships between taxa.
5. Evaluate the significance of different theories and concepts in phytogeography and angiosperm evolution, assessing their contributions to our understanding of plant distribution and diversity.

BOT4045: Angiosperm Taxonomy Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze and evaluate the morphological and anatomical characteristics of diverse angiosperm families, demonstrating the ability to classify and differentiate them effectively.
2. Apply advanced taxonomic principles and methodologies to identify and categorize unknown angiosperm specimens, showcasing proficiency in botanical classification techniques.
3. Design and conduct independent research projects investigating the phylogenetic relationships within specific angiosperm taxa, demonstrating advanced skills in data collection, analysis, and interpretation.
4. Synthesize information from diverse scholarly sources to critically evaluate current trends and controversies in angiosperm taxonomy, illustrating a deep understanding of the field's theoretical and practical dimensions.
5. Demonstrate effective communication skills through the presentation and defense of a comprehensive dissertation, integrating empirical findings and theoretical insights to contribute to the advancement of angiosperm taxonomy knowledge.

BOT4054: Angiosperm Taxonomy Special Paper Practical
Course outcomes:
1. Apply knowledge of Taxonomy to collect, describe, and illustrate locally available angiospermic plants and species identification using botanical keys.
2. Analyze nomenclatural problems encountered in floristic studies, proposing solutions and applying correct botanical nomenclature principles.
3. Practice the identification of taxa and herbarium specimens, utilizing hands-on techniques and botanical knowledge acquired during the course.
4. Evaluate the distribution of various centres of the Botanical Survey of India (BSI), botanical gardens, and herbaria across different regions of India, understanding their roles in plant conservation and documentation.
5. Develop comprehensive floristic reports based on collected specimens, incorporating detailed descriptions, analytical drawings, and taxonomic identifications up to the species level.

BOT4065: Cytology, Genetics and plant Breeding Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehend cell architecture, division cycle and function in depth, focusing on possessing a strong foundation in cytology.
2. Evaluate and apply knowledge of Chromosomal structure and interaction; Understand concepts of penetrance and expressivity.
3. Gather in-depth knowledge of epigenetics, chromatin modifications and their influence on gene expression.
4. Critically analyze genome organization in different life forms; understand the concept of pseudogenes and multigene families.
5. To understand and analyze the molecular basis of gene mutations and familiarize with genetic distance and phylogenetic analysis.

BOT4075: Cytology, Genetics and plant Breeding Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Apply knowledge of transcription processes and regulatory elements in prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
2. Analyze genomes and proteins using computational and experimental methods.
3. Comprehend the structure and processing of different RNA types and the regulation through RNA processing and decay
4. Understand metagenomic approaches, in silico computational techniques for gene functions, and high-throughput analysis of gene functions
5. Demonstrate proficiency in various techniques of molecular genetics to define genomic structures and critical evaluate concerns related to genetic engineering including biosafety, ethics and environmental effects.

BOT4085: Cytology, Genetics and plant Breeding Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehend quantitative and evolutionary genetics, polygenic inheritance, heritability measurement, QTL mapping using molecular marker.
2. Understand and apply principles of plant breeding, hybridization, and major crop species improvement concepts.
3. Gain knowledge of chromosome variation in higher plants, haploids breeding, mutations, and effects of mutagens on crop improvement.
4. Grasp the application of genetic engineering in crop improvement, resistance development, environmental tolerance and molecular farming.
5. Demonstrate proficiency in Agrobacterium mediated gene transfer and the development of plant vectors for transformation and critically analyze the applications of plant tissue culture techniques.

BOT4095: Cytology, Genetics and plant Breeding Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Develop deep understanding of genetics principles and be able to analyze how genes are transmitted.
2. Identify and solve problems with innovative solutions in the field of Botany.
3. Understand the theory and fundamentals of Cytology in the context of plant cells, their function and structure.
4. Apply breeding principles to create and improve plant varieties while keeping the environmental impact in mind.
5. Employ advanced lab techniques in research and data collection to contribute to the discipline of Botany.

BOT4104: Cytology, Genetics and plant Breeding Special Paper Practical
Course outcomes:
1. Generate, analyze, and interpret karyotypes and idiograms from mitotic metaphase stage.
2. Apprehend and examine the frequencies in meiosis cell division.
3. Gain expertise in pollen mother cells and root tips analysis using various staining techniques.
4. Acquire knowledge on the influence of natural and induced chromosomal aberrations on Plant Breeding.
5. Master the process of genomic DNA isolation and manipulation from plant materials and DNA/Protein sequence analysis using bioinformatics tools.

BOT4115: Plant Ecology Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehending the historical development, population characteristics, species interactions, ecological communities, biogeochemical cycles, population regulation mechanisms, ecological niches, succession processes, and remote sensing/GIS principles.
2. Applying knowledge of historical development to analyze interactions between ecological factors, applying population dynamics understanding to evaluate ecological amplitude and adaptations, applying ecological parameters to describe community attributes, and applying remote sensing and GIS techniques to environmental studies.
3. Analyzing limiting factors affecting ecosystems, analyzing types of species interactions and their ecological implications, evaluating species diversity, interpreting ecological significance of interspecific associations, and analyzing mechanisms of ecological succession.
4. Assessing the importance of biogeochemical cycles, population regulation mechanisms, succession processes in ecosystems, and the effectiveness of remote sensing and GIS in environmental studies
5. Creating novel insights on ecological interactions, innovating population regulation approaches, devising ecosystem management strategies using succession processes, and pioneering new applications for remote sensing and GIS in environmental studies.

BOT4125: Plant Ecology Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Grasping the organization, roles, and dynamics of ecosystems including methods of measurement, global patterns, stability, resistance, resilience, and the impacts of perturbations on plants and ecosystems.
2. Applying knowledge of ecosystem modeling, statistical ecology, and pattern analysis techniques.
3. Analyzing the causes of wetland degradation, examining principles of conservation ecology, and evaluating the impact of genetic variation loss on natural populations.
4. Assessing the importance of wetlands, critiquing conservation principles and ethics, and evaluating biodiversity monitoring methods and their relationship to ecosystem services.
5. Developing strategies for habitat conservation, proposing solutions to threats to biodiversity, and contributing to conservation efforts through legal frameworks and international/national programs.

BOT4135: Plant Ecology Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Understanding environmental management, sustainable development principles, pollution impact on water quality and phytoplankton, and utilizing bio-indicators and biomonitoring techniques for air and water quality.
2. Applying knowledge of environmental monitoring methods to evaluate pollution impacts, applying bio-indicators and treatment methods for pollution mitigation, and applying active and passive monitoring techniques for air pollution.
3. Examining the efficacy of green belt designs in addressing environmental concerns, evaluating environmental policies, treaties, and India's environmental movement, and scrutinising the goals and provisions of environmental acts and programmes.
4. Evaluating the concepts, aims, strategies, and tools for ecosystem restoration and reconstruction, and evaluating the effectiveness of bioremediation, biotransformation, biodegradation, and phytoremediation in combating global contaminations.
5. Developing strategies for ecosystem restoration and reconstruction, and proposing innovative approaches for bioremediation, biotransformation, biodegradation, and phytoremediation.

BOT4145: Plant Ecology Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze plant ecological interactions across diverse habitats, demonstrating proficiency in identifying key ecological factors influencing plant distribution and community dynamics.
2. Evaluate the impact of environmental factors on plant population dynamics and ecosystem functioning, synthesizing empirical data to elucidate patterns and processes.
3. Demonstrate advanced skills in experimental design and data analysis relevant to plant ecology research, applying statistical techniques to address research questions effectively.
4. Develop and defend a comprehensive research project in plant ecology through the dissertation, integrating theoretical concepts with empirical evidence to contribute to the field's knowledge base.
5. Engage in critical discussions and reflections during viva-voce sessions, demonstrating a deep understanding of plant ecology principles and their application in real-world contexts.

BOT4154: Plant Ecology Special Paper Practical
Course outcomes:
1. Acquiring knowledge to estimate environmental parameters like light intensity, relative humidity, wind speed, rainfall, and temperature changes, as well as identify vegetation types, delineate boundaries, analyse vegetation patterns, and understand ecological dynamics and landscape processes.
2. Efficiently performing soil physicochemical and water quality determination techniques, quantifying litter contribution, estimating decomposition rates, and assessing primary productivity in different environments.
3. Critically analysing and interpreting data on soil and water quality, soil respiration, and ecosystem energy capture efficiency.
4. Critically assessing plant reproductive strategies, the role of allelopathy, morpho-anatomical variations in plant species, and ecological data required for computer study optimization.
5. Developing hands-on experience in field techniques, data analysis, interpretation of plant community characteristics, and visualization of ecological data.

BOT4165: Microbiology Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Recall key interactions of microbes with each other, plants, and animals; Explain the significance of microbes in extreme environments; Evaluate the effectiveness of microbial interventions in environmental remediation, hydrocarbon recovery, mining, energy production and agricultural productivity
2. Assess the soil microbial communities by applying methods for detecting and quantifying soil microbes and monitoring soil health.
3. Illustrate the agriculturally important microbes with their role in biological nitrogen fixation, PGPRs, and phosphate solubilization; recognize crop diseases caused by plant pathogens and biocontrol of plant diseases
4. Categorize the microorganisms involved in industrial and food microbiology; Illustrate different fermentation processes for production of industrial and food products; Explain the cause of food spoilage and different food borne diseases
5. Explain the concept of IPR, Patent and patent filing, design and trade mark, GI, Plant Variety Protection and Farmer’s Right; Analyze the implications of intellectual property rights (IPR) on economic growth and innovation; Integration of traditional knowledge and promoting fair benefit sharing.

BOT4175: Microbiology Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Explain the genome diversity and evolution in microbes, describe replication of both circular and linear DNAs, and explain genetic recombination processes in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes
2. Illustrate the fine gene structure, gene regulation, gene interactions and RNA processing in both prokaryotic and eukaryotic microbes.
3. Describe different omics approaches and explain their importance in modern biology for better understanding of system biology.
4. Discuss and critically distinguish microorganisms with different metabolic potentials, and enumerate different anabolic and catabolic processes found in microbes.
5. Basic understanding of genetic manipulation in genetic engineering and the application of microbial biotechnology in industries, agricultures, medical science and environmental engineering

BOT4185: Microbiology Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Identify the symptoms and pathogens of various infectious human diseases with modern tools and techniques for better management of the diseases
2. List out and compare the effectiveness of various physical, chemical and biological control measures for microorganisms; enumerate the role and mode of action of different classes of antibiotics; discuss the basis of multidrug resistance in microbes
3. Classify and enumerate different types of immunity (specific and non-specific), immune cells, antibodies, and antigen-antibody reactions.  
4. Describe the molecular basis of antibody diversity, antigen-antibody reactions, and the application of immuno-techniques in health sciences.
5. Explain and comment on various physical, chemical and biological agents responsible for cancer development; stages of cancer development, complexity, and cancer treatments.

BOT4195: Microbiology Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Hypothesize scientific questions
2. Plan and execute research experiments
3. Compile, analyze and interpret research data 
4. Critically discuss and summarize the research findings
5. Develop new research hypothesis and proposals to address scientific issues

BOT4204: Microbiology Special Paper practical
Course outcomes:
1. Describe the principles of different microbial experiments and list out the requirements for the experiments 
2. Perform staining and biochemical tests for identification of microorganisms, analyze milk and water quality.
3. Compare and evaluate the best methods of microbial study and functional characterization through various biochemical and molecular techniques
4. Identify, innumerate and illustrate agriculturally beneficial and harmful microbes from different sources
5. Perform molecular experiments for DNA and protein isolation and assess their quality and quantity.

BOT4215: Mycology and Plant Pathology Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze historical and contemporary aspects of mycology, focusing on development and cell structure, fungal taxonomy, and recent advancement in identification process.
2. Critically analyse fungal reproduction and reproductive architecture, parasexuality, heterothallism, and spore dispersal methods and their ecological importance.
3. Critically assess fungal growth, metabolism, dietary needs, and ecological functions, including specialization for survival.
4. Analyze fungi's contributions to biogeochemical cycles, assess their populations across diverse habitats, and emphasize ecological adaptations and functions.
5. Examine the economic, environmental, and intellectual property implications of modified fungi, biocontrol agents, and industrially important fungi.

BOT4225: Mycology and Plant Pathology Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Examine historical development and significance of plant pathology, analyse the role of fungi, bacteria, viruses, and other organisms as causative agents of plant diseases, evaluate the economic losses incurred caused by phytopathogens.
2. Evaluate the methods of diagnosing plant diseases, verifying Koch’s postulates and the germ theory of diseases, analyzing pathogenesis, host range, stages of disease development, and the dissemination of plant pathogens.
3. Critique epidemiological principles and techniques for disease forecasting, assessing the impact of environmental factors on disease spread, and appraise various methods of disease control such as chemical and biological control and integrated disease management (IDM).
4. Appraise the genetic basis of plant diseases, examining the mechanisms of variability, types of plant resistance to pathogens, and the genetics of virulence in pathogens and resistance in hosts, while analyzing the roles of enzymes, toxins, and growth regulators in disease development.
5. Interpret the symptomatology, disease cycle, and management strategies for significant plant diseases in Assam caused by fungi, bacteria, viruses, and nematodes, emphasizing control measures and management techniques.

BOT4235: Mycology and Plant Pathology Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Examine plant defense and their response to pathogens, plant immunisation, focusing on systemic acquired resistance and induced resistance.
2. Evaluate the use of biotechnology to combat plant diseases, including the identification and insertion of resistant genes into suitable hosts for crop improvement, strategies for developing disease-resistant plants, and the effects of GMOs like bt-cotton, bt-brinjal, and bt-chickpea.
3. Assess the field of aerobiology in relation to plant diseases, examining air microflora, sampling techniques, factors influencing air microflora distribution, airborne plant diseases, and aero-allergens.
4. Examine the rhizosphere and rhizoplane, root exudates, soil and root-borne pathogens, soil microbial interaction, biocontrol concept to manage soil borne pathogens
5. Interpret the morphology and anatomy of infected seeds, evaluate pathogen transmission from seeds to plants, assess the impact of toxins on seed quality and human and animal health, and analyse seed-borne disease management, seed health testing, quarantine, and seed certification protocols.

BOT4245: Mycology and Plant Pathology Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze the principles and methodologies of mycology and plant pathology, integrating theoretical knowledge with practical applications through dissertation work.
2. Evaluate the dissertation research findings, demonstrating a comprehensive understanding of mycological and plant pathological concepts during the viva-voce examination.
3. Demonstrate practical skills and proficiency in conducting experiments, data analysis, and interpretation through internal assessment tasks.
4. Apply theoretical knowledge and practical skills to address real-world challenges in mycology and plant pathology, showcasing competency and innovation in the dissertation project.
5. Synthesize interdisciplinary perspectives and research methodologies to contribute effectively to the field of mycology and plant pathology, as evidenced through the dissertation, viva-voce, and internal assessment.

BOT4254: Mycology and Plant Pathology Special Paper Practical
Course outcomes:
1. Apply techniques to isolate and identify pathogens from diseased plant materials, while simultaneously demonstrating Koch’s postulate through controlled experimental procedures to establish causal relationships between pathogens and diseases.
2. Analyze fungal structures and reproductive strategies, evaluate fungicide impacts on plant pathogens for control efficacy, and interpret mycorrhizal fungi spore dynamics and root colonization quantitatively to understand ecological roles.
3. Investigate the effects of physical and chemical factors on the growth of plant pathogens, utilizing experimental approaches to understand their environmental requirements and limitations.
4. Critique the extraction process of cellulase, pectinase, or xylanase from diseased plants, exploring their enzymatic activities and implications in disease progression.
5. Assess plant extracts' biocontrol potential against plant pathogens in vitro, alongside diagnostic methods for identifying causal organisms, and analyze soil microbial diversity for understanding soil microbe composition and abundance.

BOT4265: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Special Paper I
Course outcomes:
1. Analyze membrane transport mechanisms, signal transduction mechanisms and pathways in both bacteria and plants as well as elucidate the roles of root microbe interactions, in nutrient uptake facilitation.
2. Examine the genetic and molecular aspects of the flowering process, including photoperiodism and vernalization.
3. Evaluate nitrogen and sulfur metabolism, including regulation, fixation, transport, and assimilation processes.
4. Understand post-harvest physiology principles, including fruit ripening regulation and leafy vegetable metabolism during storage.
5. Assess plant responses to various abiotic stresses, such as water deficit, salinity, heavy metal, oxidative stress, elevated CO2 and biotic stress, and discuss the transgenic approach for stress mitigation.

BOT4275: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Special Paper II
Course outcomes:
1. Comprehend the aspects of phosphorus nutrition, including soil forms, absorption processes, factors regulating ‘P’ uptake, plant fractions, and Pyrophosphate's involvement in plant metabolism.
2. Explain photochemistry and photosynthesis, including evolution of photosynthetic apparatus, photo-oxidation of water, electron and proton transport mechanisms, PCR Cycle and their regulations, and ecological significance of CAM.
3. Examine plant metabolism, including starch and sucrose biosynthesis regulation, synthesis and degradation of cellulose and pectin as well as metabolism and functions of oxalic acid, ascorbic acid, and malic acid.
4. Understand plant respiration and lipid metabolism, analyzing anaerobic respiration, electron transport, ATP synthesis, pentose phosphate pathway, regulation of glycolysis and TCA Cycle, inhibitors, glyoxylate cycle, membrane lipids synthesis, and gluconeogenesis.
5. Evaluate the role of Shikimate Pathway in biosynthesis of secondary metabolites, and analyze biosynthesis, and functions of terpenes, phenols, and nitrogenous compounds.

BOT4285: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Special Paper III
Course outcomes:
1. Understand the aspects of growth and photomorphogenesis explaining the cellular localization, roles, biosynthesis, properties and mechanism of action of photomorphogenetic receptors.
2. Illustrate the biochemical changes during development of seeds and explain the tropic and nastic movements in plants. 
3. Explain aspects including biochemical changes and regulation of senescence and Programmed Cell Death (PCD) and discuss the roles of tissue culture, and mutants in physiological studies.
4. Comprehend enzyme kinetics with reference to Km value and enzyme inhibition while discussing the factors responsible for enzyme interaction. 
5. Discuss the discovery, role and mechanism of action of Plant Growth Regulators (PGRs) including Triacontanol, Brassins, Salicylic acid, Jasmonates and Polyamines and role of plant growth retardants such as, CCC, Maleic hydrazide, Trizoles and TIBA.

BOT4295: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Special Paper Dissertation
Course outcomes:
1. Identify and assess a specific problem of local, national as well as global relevance to find out research based scientific solution.
2. Demonstrate proficiency in conducting and presenting original research through the dissertation, oral defense and discussion on research findings.
3. Apply critical analysis and evaluation skills in assessing internal assessments and coursework in plant physiology and biochemistry.
4. Synthesize and apply advanced concepts and methodologies in plant physiology and biochemistry to address research questions and problems.
5. Demonstrate practical proficiency in experimental techniques and methodologies relevant to plant physiology and biochemistry.

BOT4304: Plant Physiology and Biochemistry Special Paper Practical
Course outcomes:
1. Apply spectrophotometric techniques, to estimate starch, ascorbic acid, polyphenols, cellulose, and nitrate as well as analyze sugar and amino acids in phloem sap by paper chromatography.
2. Measure relative water content (RWC) and osmotic potential in plant parts and assess PEG-induced water stress on seed germination
3. Analyze the accumulation of free proline and oxalic acid as well as protein/amino acid profiles in stressed plants alongside examining the role of hormones in regulating leaf and petal senescence.
4. Examine lipid accumulation during oil seed development and investigate seed germination under stressful conditions, as well as explore the effects of fungal infection on peroxidase activity.
5. Examine the activity of free radical scavenging enzymes like catalase and superoxide dismutase, and evaluate the effects of plant growth regulators (PGRs) on seedling growth.

 M.Sc. in Botany (CBCS) Syllabus: For details visit: https://syllabus.gauhati.ac.in/postgraduate

M.Sc. in Microbiology (CBCS) Syllabus: For details visit:  https://syllabus.gauhati.ac.in/postgraduate

Ph.D. Course Work Syllabus: For details visit: https://syllabus.gauhati.ac.in/phd-coursework

The Gauhati University Botanical Garden is one of the largest and oldest Botanical Gardens of the North East in particular and the country in general. The Garden was established on 28th August, 1955. Pandit Jawaharlal Nehru (the then Prime Minister of India), who inaugurated the main building of the Botany Department on 28th August, 1955, also dedicated this garden for service to the nation. In the year 1998, when the Botany Department celebrated the Golden Jubilee, The University Botanical Garden was renamed as Dr. H. K. Baruah Regional Botanical Resource Centre in memory of the founder Professor and Head of the Department, Late Professor H. K. Baruah, a legendary botanist of the country.

The Garden was developed with an objective to study the rich and diverse flora of N.E. India and to conserve the rare, endangered and threaten plant species of the region and at present, it is spread over an area of ca 62 acres situated in the hills and valleys of Jalukbari hills within the University campus at an altitude ranging from 213 to 247 ft msl. There are two natural ponds within the garden covering an area more than 1 acre which are replenished by a perennial water stream originating from the peak of the Jalukbari hills. The garden was funded in 1994 by the MoEF (Govt. of India) which was a turning point for its development and converting into an experimental garden.

The Resource centre houses around 600 species of phanerogamic and cryptogamic plants. Some interesting species are Nephenthes khasiana, Vanilla borneensis, Zammia furfuracea, Brainea insignis, Angiopteris helferiana, Dipteris wallichii, Blechnum orientale, Cycas pectinata, Taxus baccata, Agathis robusta, Rauvolfia densiflora, Rauvolfia serpentina, Rauvolfia tetraphylla, Flacourtia jangomas, Baccaurea ramiflora, Magnolia spp., Garcinia cowa, Garcinia lanceifolia, Garcinia pedunculata, Persea bombycina, Aquilaria malaccensis, Mesua assamica, Oroxylum indicum, Sapindus mukorossi, Dillenia indica, Elaeocarpus floribundus, Elaeocarpus ganitrus, Prunus jenkinsii, Elaeagnus latifolia, Phoebe goalparensis, Beilschmiedia assamica, Croton tiglium, Zingiber zerumbet, Curcuma caesia, Aristolochia ringens, Zeuxine strateumatica and many more. Some of the commonly found birds and animals in the Garden are monkey, cobra, python, lizards, butterflies, wood pecker, king fisher, robin, cattle egret, etc. Leopard i.e. Panthera pardus species is also often spotted in the Garden.

The Garden is regularly visited by students, teachers and researchers from different institutions of N.E. and other parts of the country. Foreign tourists visiting Guwahati city also make a point to visit this Gauhati University Botanical garden. The visitors, who wish to visit the garden, need to take permission from the Head, Dept. of Botany, Gauhati University.

Collection of any bio-resource material from the Garden is strictly prohibited and punishable.   

Prior permission from the Head, Department of Botany is mandatory for visiting the Garden

Entry Fee for Garden Visit (w.e.f. 01.04.2025) as per the GU Administrative approval: 

                  Rs. 10 per individual for Gauhati University students

                  Rs. 20 per individual for visitors from outside the university

The Herbarium of the Botany Department of Gauhati University (Acronym: GUBH) is accredited by the New York Botanical Garden Steere Herbarium since April, 2011 (For details, follow the link: http://sweetgum.nybg.org/science/ih/herbarium_list.php?NamOrganisationAcronym=GUBH)

It is one of the oldest herbaria in North East India having a collection of ca. 18,000 herbarium specimens especially representing the floristic diversity of North East India. Mention may be made that the herbarium contains several specimens which are more than a century old. Besides, more than 20 bamboo species, 200 varieties of rice and around 35 wood samples are also being displayed in the museum along with more than 150 other botanical specimens. The herbarium and museum is serving actively to the researchers working in the field of plant science research. The GUBH is a leading botanical collection in Assam as well as North-East India, with scientist and researchers from all over India as well as abroad visiting to study the herbarium samples.

Morphological identification and authentication of plant specimen is available (subject to the availability of local reference of herbarium specimens) to the researchers at the payment of Rs. 300/- per sample (w.e.f. from April 2025). However, proper herbarium specimen along with an application addressing the HoD should submit in the Department of Botany for said services.

Followings are the major thrust areas of research in the Department

a) RET plants, associated microorganisms and their conservation

b) Microbial diversity and applied microbiology

c) Plant-microbe interactions 

d) Mycology and plant pathology

e) Plant diversity and systematics, Floristic study and Ethnobotany

f) Plant Ecology (Higher plant and algal ecology) and Climate Change

g) Tissue culture

h) Molecular biology and Nanotechnology

i) Stress physiology

j) Vermicomposting of biowaste

k) Phytoremediation and Bioremediation of toxic compounds and heavy metals

I) Phytochemical analysis

The Department has availed some of the research instruments through the funding of DST-FIST, UGC-SAP, and RUSA. Following equipments are available in the Departmental Instrumentation Facility (DIF) and accessible to all the researchers and students of the department.

1. Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (Make: Perkin Elmer, Model: PinAAcle 900F)

2. Dual beam (UV/VS) Spectrophotometer (Make: Agilent, Model: G6860AA-CARY60)

3. HPLC System (Make: Agilent, Model: 1260 Infinity)

4. Kjeldahl based Nitrogen Analyzer (Make: Pelican, Model: KELPUS KES06LR)

5. Multiscan Microplate Reader (Make: ThermoFisher, Model: Multiskan Sky with Touch Screen and µDrop Plate)

6. Plant Growth Chamber (Make: Hi Point, Model: 74OFHLED)

7. Grade-I Water Purification System (Make: Sartorius, Model: Arium Mini Plus UV Tab Water System)

8. Rotary Vacuum Evaporator (Make: Equitron, Model: EV11)

9. Refrigerated Shaker Incubator (Make: Orbitek, Model: LEBT-AH)

10. Deep Freezer (-80^oC) (Make: Eppendorf, Model: Cryocube F570)

11.  Refrigerated Centrifuge (Make: Sigma, Model: 2-16PK)

12.  Mini Refrigerated Centrifuge (Make: Eppendorf, Model: 5430R)

13.  Gel Documentation System (Make: Biorad, Model: EZ Imager)

14. Fluorescence Microscope (Make: Nikon, Model:)

15.  Stereoscopic Zoom Microscope (Make: Nikon, Model: SMZ 745T)

16.  Compact high-performance inverted microscopes (Make: Nikon, Model: Eclipse TS100)

17.  Binocular Microscope (Make: Labomad, Model: CZM-4)

18. Flake Ice Maker (Make: Labman, Model: LMFI-30)

This unit has been created to manage the huge leaf litters which is generated within the Botanical garden and its premises. As the burning of leaf litters is not the solution for its management, the Department of Botany (G.U) has initiated strain-based biocomposting of leaf litters available in the premises to convert it into valuable manures. Some indigenous lignocellulolytic microbial strains are being used for the biocomposting.

It was established in the mid of 2023 with an objective to develop a microbial consortia-based biocomposting technology which could be useful to manage the abundant leaf litters that are generated every year within the University campus. At present, there are four chambers (each measuring 3 ft x 5 ft x 5 ft) in the biocomposting unit.

In general, the natural process of leaf litter composting takes about 8–9 months. But the addition of cow dung, kitchen wastes, earth worms etc. can reduce the composting time up to 3–4 months. However, the composting of huge leaf litters and agrowastes is often challenging with such conventional methods. Limitations to these conventional methods arise due to insufficient cow dung, kitchen wastes, and earth worms supply in the field. Besides, in case of vermicomposting, sensitivity of earth worms to temperature changes, oxygen conditions and leaf litter types are the major concerns. Alternatively, biocomposting where microorganisms play important roles in degrading the leaf litters or any agro-wastes can be done in two different ways: (1) Biostimulation, where the naturally occurring microorganisms are stimulated to grow by adding certain growth promoting factors such as cow dung, urine, kitchen wastes, degraded fruits etc. (2) Bioaugmentation, where active microorganisms (single species or in consortia) are applied on the substrates for composting.    

Directly and indirectly, microorganisms are involved in composting of organic matters. Microorganisms are very much diverse physiologically, and their composting capacity also differs from strain to strain or species to species. Organic matters with simple carbohydrates are often easily degraded and utilized by several microorganisms. But, the lignocellulolytic materials are highly recalcitrant and can only be degraded by certain lignocellulolytic microbes. Therefore, isolation and identification of such potent lignocellulolytic microbes is important so as to use them for effective and efficient biocomposting of lignocellulosic materials.  

The Department of Botany, GU being involved in microbial research including the lignocellulolytic ones, has identified several potent microbial strains that are capable of degrading lignocellulosic materials. The strains have already been characterized scientifically – based on which the current biocomposting experiments are going on. At present, four lignocellulolytic fungal strains recovered from the fungal garden of termites are in use for composting of the leaf litters that are collected from the Botanical Garden as well as from the premises of the Botany Department. The microbial consortium used in this biocomposting have been found useful for composting of leaf litters without adding agents like cowdung, kitchen waste, earthworms, etc.

                          (A) Leaf litter collection                                (B) Dry leaf filling in composting unit

           (C) Mass culture of microbial strains                         (D) Microbial treatment for composting

     (E) Biocompost after 2.5 months of treatment                         (F) Harvesting of biocompost

Demand of edible mushrooms is increasing day-by-day in food markets due to its richness in protein, minerals and vitamins. In order to keep up with the current population growth, provide future food security, and promote social empowerment of the society's marginalised people, the mushroom farming facility was established in the year 2021 at the Department of Botany, Gauhati University, Guwahati, Assam. The cultivation unit spans an area of ca. 200 sq. ft. and is situated in the Dr. H. K. Baruah Regional Botanical Resource Centre of the Department of Botany. It has been developed to conduct both research and training purposes.

The main objectives of the cultivation unit are as follows:

a) To hold trainings to promote the production of mushrooms in various agro-ecosystems and the social empowerment of the society's marginalised peoples.

b) To identify the edible and medicinal wild mushroom species those are found naturally.

c)   Investigating the use of locally accessible materials as substrates.

d) Standardisation of methods used to grow various mushrooms.

e) To assess the strains' potential and high yields for regional applicability.

f)   Supply of high-quality spawns to mushroom farmers.

To date, the unit has standardised the cultivation technique of Pleurotus ostratus by utilising various locally available and unused lignocellulosic wastes like rice straw, sugarcane bagasse, wood chips, wood flakes, citronella bagasse (Cymbopogon nardus), leaf litter of Monoon longifolium and determined the yield and biological efficiency of the selected substrates and their combination on its productivity.

Fig. Mushroom Cultivation Unit. Pleurotus ostreatus in different substrates: (a) Mixtures of rice straw, wood flakes, and sawdust;  (b) Citronella bagasse (Cymbopogon nardus)

The department has a fully functional vermicomposting unit at H K Baruah Memorial Botanical Resource Centre to manage the leaf litters. The unit was set up in the year 2019. In the unit two earthworm species namely Eisenia fetida and Eudrilus eugeniae are used for vermicomposting of leaf litters. The vermicomposting output (i.e. Vermicompost) generated time to time is used in the departmental garden and also available for selling at nominal cost. Besides, a significant amount after each harvest has are usually given to the GU Estate Office at free of cost for their uses.

The Botanical Forum of the Department was formed by the first batch of the Semester System of the Department in 2001. Since the inception, the Forum is actively participating in different extensional activities (cleaning drive, plantation, seminar, symposia, etc.) in collaboration with the Department of Botany and the Botanical Society of Assam. The Forum has a well defined constitution approved by the General Body Meeting.

Aims and Objectives of the Forum:

i) To disseminate the knowledge of Plant Science.

ii) To promote and advance Plant Science Research and activities.

iii) To bring awareness about botanically related issues by holding meetings, seminars, symposia, etc.

iv) To facilitate close association and interaction among students (ongoing and alumni of the Dept. of Botany, G.U.), academicians, and professional botanists.

v) To motivate and train the young minds for extension services to the society and for achieving the UN’s Sustainable Development Goals.

Department of Botany
Gauhati University, Guwahati 781014, Assam (India)
Email : botany@gauhati.ac.in
Web   : https://www.gauhati.ac.in/academic/science/botany